EVOLUTION Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EVOLUTION - Term Paper Example The creation theory of evolution theorized that the infinite life forms in the Earth were created by God. Moreover, the creation theory is of the opinion that all life forms have remained unchanged since creation. Consequently, much of the 17th and 18th century biology in Europe focused on the description of animals and plants with no explanation on how they came to being. Carolus Linnaeus is hailed as a first class scientist who developed the classification system for identifying living things. To this end, Linnaeus identified animals and plants based on modes of reproduction and physical appearance. Evidently, Linnaeus used the binomial nomenclature system in naming the plants and animals. Consequently, the Latin concept of genus and species was developed. However, the late 18th century saw the emergence of new evolutionary concepts that suggested that life forms were not fixed. George Louis Leclerc (Comte de Buffon) a French naturalist and mathematician, was credited with stating that living things changed in the course of time (Loxton, 2010). Incidentally, he theorized that these changes were attributed to environmental influences. Leclerc believed the Earth’s age was over 6,000 years and estimated it be at least 75,000 years (Loxton, 2010). Moreover, Buffon theorized that humans were related to the apes. In addition, he is credited with cl aiming that species could achieve change in the course of generations. To this end, Buffon is envisaged as a man who advocated for the explanation of living things through natural laws, as opposed to theological doctrines. Jeane Baptiste Chevalier de Lamarck is the pioneer evolutionist who publicly revealed his theories on the processes that led to biological change. However, his theories have been construed as a great misconception. Evidently, Lamarck theorized that microscopic organisms came into being through spontaneity from inanimate materials. As a result, the organisms evolved or

Social Inequality 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Inequality 2 - Essay Example They see employment opportunities in connection with the social network they have. If they don’t have connections, they have a slim chance of getting a job. Also, they view higher level jobs that are prominent in the present time as unreachable since they do not fulfill the requirements needed for them to be eligible to apply, like a clean background and a high school diploma. In contrast, the aspirations and expectations of the Brothers indicate a more optimistic view of a future life. Since they are in school and are exposed to a different part of the neighborhood, living near middle-class and even white families, they see society’s standards as a guide for their own aspirations and expectations. They value education and work compared to masculinity, violence and peer group (or subculture) solidarity as an important aspect of life for the Hallway Hangers. With that, they aspire to reach middle and higher level jobs and expect that with a diploma and perseverance, they will be able to reach their goals in life. Employment opportunities, they believe, are open for them as they have a better family and social background than that of the Hallway Hangers. Looking at these scenarios, we can also expect that the Brothers will be able to reach their aspirations and expectations, however, they ended up the same as the Hallway Hangers in the job market, as the unemployed or underemployed. This can be credited to the fact that since they have lived in lower-class neighborhood, born in lower-class families, they tend to be accepted in jobs that are more manual than professional. Also, the changing structure of the economy, from manufacturing (needing hard labor) to a more service-oriented one gave them lesser opportunities. This increases the validity of how the social background and job opportunities are triggered by social factors.

Multi-keyword Ranked Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data

Multi-keyword Ranked Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data Now a days cloud computing has become more popular, so more information possessors are actuated to their information to cloud servers for great convenience and less monetary value in data management. However, sensible information should be encrypted before outsourcing for public. In this paper the problem of a secure multi-keyword search on cloud is solved by using encryption of data before it actually used. Which are continuously supports dynamic modify operation like insertion and deletion of the documents. Keywords: Cloud Computing, Ranked based search, Download frequency, Multikeyword search, Encrypted cloud data, Synonym query. Introduction Cloud computing has become new model which handles large resources of computing. Services provided by the cloud computing is storage and on demand services, both the individuals and organizations are motivated to the cloud. Instead of purchasing software and hardware devices. Cloud provides secure online storage and there is no loss of data, the data is available at anytime and anywhere. Paper shows the general approach for data protection is to encrypt the data by using AES algorithm. The simple method for downloading data is decrypts it locally, because consumers want to search needed data rather than all. In this way it is essential to investigate a productive and successful search benefit over encrypted outsourced information. The current search approaches like ranked search, multi-keyword search that empowers the cloud clients to locate the most pertinent information rapidly. It likewise decreases the system activity by sending the most important information to client asks. However, in genuine search situation it may be conceivable that client searches with the equivalent words of the predefined keywords not the correct keywords, because of absence of the clients correct information about the information. LITERATURE SURVEY Zhangjie Fu, Xingming Sun, Nigel Linge and Lu Zhou [2] proposed a successful way to deal with take care of the issue of multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud information supporting synonym queries. To address multi- keyword search and result positioning, Vector Space Model (VSM) is utilized to build document index that is to  state, each document is communicated as a vector where each dimension value is the Term Frequency (TF) weight of its comparing keyword. Another vector is additionally produced in the question stage. The vector has a similar dimension with document index and its each dimension value is the Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) weight. At that point cosine measure can be utilized to register comparability of one document to the search inquiry. To enhance search proficiency, a tree-based index structure which is an adjust paired tree is utilized. C. Wang, N. Cao, J. Li, K. Ren, and W. Lou [3] developed the Ranked search that increases system usability by returning the relevant files in a ranked order.(e.g., keyword frequency). In this state-of-the-art searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) security definition used for increasing its efficiency. They have also proposed the existing cryptographic primitive, order preserving Symmetric encryption (OPSE) for searching matching files. W. Sun, B. Wang, N. Cao, M. Li, W. Lou, and Y. T. Hou [5] proposed a method to address the problem of similarity-based ranking is privacy-preserving multi-keyword text search (MTS) scheme. They also presented the search index based on the vector space model, i.e., cosine measure, and TF IDF weight to achieve high level of search accuracy and to support a multi-keyword queries with search ranking functionalities. PROBLEM STATEMENT Many associations and organizations store their more significant data in cloud to protect their information from infection and hacking. The advantage of new computing is it looks deeply for cloud clients. Rank search enhances framework ease of use by ordinary coordinating records in a ranked arrange with respect to certain importance criteria (e.g. Keyword and download frequency). As straight forwardly outsourcing significance scores will trickles a great deal of delicate data against the keyword security, to solve this problem we proposed asymmetric encryption with ranking consequence of query information which will give just expected information. Proposed System Fig. 1. System Architecture of Multi-Keyword Ranked Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data. Keyword Expansion To enhance the accuracy of search results, the keywords are removed from outsourced content documents required to be stretched out by regular synonyms or comparable words, as cloud customers, searching information may be the synonyms of the predefined keywords. Upload Encrypted Data After expansion of keywords the data owner assist data with encrypting the document utilizing AES Algorithm and after that upload the encrypted document to the cloud for storage reason. This permits data owner to store their secret key in extremely secure way without presenting it to the clients of framework. For this, secret key is put away again in encrypted frame. Search Module This module helps clients to enter their query keyword to get the most important documents from set of uploaded documents. This module recovers the documents from cloud which coordinates the query keyword. Rank Generation In data recovery, a positioning capacity is as a rule used to assess relevant scores of coordinating documents to a demand. The rank capacity in view of the term recurrence (TF) and converse document recurrence (IDF) is utilized as a part of expanded organize i.e. TF-IDF. Additionally this framework gives client most mainstream documents for their keywords by examining history of most downloaded documents for specific inquiry keywords. Download Ranked Results Clients can download the resultant arrangement of documents just if he/she is approved client who has allowed consent from data owner to download specific document. Owner will send encrypted secret key and session key to client to decrypt the document. Methodologies AES algorithm AES is an iterative instead of Feistel cipher. It depends on substitution-permutation network. It contains an arrangement of linked operations, some of which include supplanting inputs by particular yields (substitutions) and others include rearranging bits around (permutations). Strangely, AES plays out every one of its calculations on bytes instead of bits. Steps for AES algorithm: Create a random key for symmetric encryption of user facts. Encrypt the records the use of this random key. Encrypt the random key the use of asymmetric encryption. Send the encrypted message and the encrypted key to the receiver of searched results. Henceforth, AES treats the 128 bits of a plaintext obstruct as 16 bytes. These 16 bytes are organized in four columns and four rows for preparing as a matrix. TF-IDF TF: TF (t) = (Number of times term t appears in a document) / (Total number of terms in the document). IDF: IDF (t) = log_e (Total number of documents / Number of Documents with term t in it). CONCLUSION The multi-keyword ranked methodology results in the more effective search handle which diminishes the network traffic and download bandwidth. It gives back the precisely matched documents, and also the records which incorporate the terms semantically significant to the question keyword. It offers fitting semantic separation between terms to achieve the question keyword expansion. The encryption has been executed to ensure the security also, efficiency of information, before it is outsourced to cloud, and gives protection to datasets, indexes and keywords. REFERENCES [1] Zhihua Xia, Xinhui Wang, Xingming Sun, Qian Wang,A Secure and Dynamic Multi-keyword Ranked Search Schema over Encrpted Cloud Data, IEEE Transactions On Parallel And Distributed Systems,Vol:PP No:99 ,Year 2015 [2] Zhangie Fu, Xingming Sun, Nigel Linge, Lu Zhou, Achieving Effective Cloud Search Services: Multi-Keyword Ranked Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data Supporting Synonym Query, IEEE Transactions On Consumer Electronics, Vol 60, No. 1, February 2014 [3] C. Wang, N. Cao, J. Li, K. Ren, and W. Lou, Secure ranked keyword search over encrypted cloud data,Proceedings of IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), pp. 253-262,2010. [4] Q. Chai, and G. Gong, Verifiable symmetric searchable encryption for semi-honest-but-curious cloud servers, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸12), pp. 917-922, 2012. [5] W. Sun, B. Wang, N. Cao, M. Li, W. Lou, and Y. T. Hou, Privacy preserving multi-keyword text search in the cloud supporting similarity based ranking, ASIA CCS 2013, Hangzhou, China, May 2013, ACM pp. 71-82, 2013.

Do Men and Women Experience Pain Differently? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Do Men and Women Experience Pain Differently? Pain has been an under-researched area of medicine, but today physicians are increasingly interested in the workings and treatment of various types of pain. In particular, a growing body of research exists on the different ways in which men and women may experience pain and the implications of these differences for medical treatment. Does the sex of an individual make a difference in their pain experience? Numerous researchers believe that women are more sensitive to pain than men, while others believe that the differences between the pain experiences of men and women are not significant. Over the course of my research I found that part of the problem in trying to answer the question lies in how scientists measure the pain experience of men and women. The difference in the pain experience of men and women is an understudied area because most previous studies of pain and its potential treatments have only used men or male animals. For scientists, using only males was simpler since women have reproductive hormone cycles that could complicate the studies. The implication of this, of course, is that sex differences in the experience of pain (and in many other aspects of health) has remained an understudied area. However, in 1993 President Clinton signed the NIH Revitalization Act, which requires the inclusion of women in NIH research. In 1996 the NIH formed a Pain Research Consortium, and in 1998 the NIH held a conference entitled "Gender and Pain" (1). At the NIH conference, some researchers argued that sex differences in pain are substantial and argued specifically that women are more sensitive to pain. For example, women report pain more often and also report it at higher levels than men. Additionally, when men and women are exposed to the same pain stimulus, women will say that they are in pain more quickly than men (1). However, others believe that sex differences in the experience of pain may not be so significant. The higher reported pain levels of women may be due more to gender socialization than to biological differences between men and women. For example, in most laboratory pain studies women report about twenty percent more pain than men (2). However, researchers at the University of Florida examined pain reporting of chronic pain patients in a clinical setting and found that women reported only three to ten percent more pain than men, a significantly smaller difference.

Euro Disney: from Dream to Nightmare (1987-1994)

For years, the Disney Theme Park Empire was built upon three crown jewels located in California, Florida, and Japan. Combining the familiar, family-friendly characters and images upon which the Disney reputation was built. With clean and well-operated theme parks helped Disney set new standards for efficient, friendly customer service in the theme park industry. Its parks became major international tourist attractions. However, when Euro Disney opened in Paris in 1992, the standard model of Disney theme parks ran into trouble.Tackling the many problems faced by Euro Disney operations has posed many new challenges to Disney, forcing them to reconsider their standard model for success. Disney must find ways to adapt their theme park model in a manner which preserves the best of Disney. 9. 1 The challenges facing Euro Disney Early hopes for a similar success soured soon after Euro Disney opened, and the experience of opening Euro Disney delivered unexpected surprises to Disney managemen t. The park soon encountered several major problems: AttendanceDisney’s consulting firm has projected first year park attendance to range between 11. 7 and 17. 8 million attendees. To be cautious, Disney used the littlest figures and predicted eleven million attendees. While initial hotel bookings at the theme park during the summer looked promising, as the theme park entered its first winter, bookings dropped to twenty percent or less of monthly projects. Staffing Staffing shortages created a negative cycle in which extra workloads on employees resulted in increased turnover, which in turn hurt Disney’s ability to retain and develop its employees.Poor union relations caused by reactions to Disney’s exacting requirements for dress and appearance, such as a ban on facial hair and colored stockings, as well as to Disney’s high standards of customer service, further hurt their ability to attract employees. Customer Service Euro Disney was failing to deliver the high level of customer service standard to Disney theme parks, as well as failing to provide the service needs that were unique to the European market.Many employees failed to conform to the high standards of customer service that were expected in Disney theme parks. Lack of local management and autonomy Walt Disney Company owned a 49% share in Euro Disney. This resulted in management by remote control, in which decisions were often made by people who were far removed from the day-to-day operations of the park, and who did not have a strong understanding of the culture and the market. 9. 2 Recommendations Upon reviewing the key problems faced by Euro Disney, there are several issues which require attention.These include: Improving customer service Accommodations and services should be made to better fit the needs and desires of the multi-lingual and multi-cultural European customer base. Greater efforts should be made to identify and retain employees that are compatible with the corporate values of Disney with regards to customer service. Decentralize management Disney should hire local consultants to provide insight of local governmental ordinances, as well as customs that the business should follow.Decision making should be more decentralized, away from the U. S. parent company. Procedures should be made specifically for France. Communications with its employees and the overall morale among employees have to be improved. Options to overcome the housing shortage should be explored to allow workers to live closer to the theme park. In addition, Disney should make a greater effort to increase the diversity of its workforce, to provide a better level of service for visitors from outside of France.Better culture adaptation and understanding of the European market Disney must better understand and meet the different habits, expectations, and needs of the European theme park visitors. In addition, a greater role should be given to European investors in planning and decision making, to provide more of a European perspective in managing the operations of the theme park. Maintain operational flexibility As the organization is still dealing with a large range of unknowns, flexible problem-solving attitudes should be encouraged to help allow Disney to learn and adapt to its new environment.Disney has achieved a strong market position in other locations, and there is no reason to believe the organization cannot achieve a similar success in Europe, provided it is willing to make the same long-term commitment. Develop more realistic planning Plans for a second phase should not have been allowed to advance until such time that the problems facing the first phase were corrected, giving them a more secure base of knowledge upon which plans and decisions could be made. Otherwise, the company risks duplicating and compounding the problems encountered with its first phase.

Pak China Friendship

In early 1960s, the regional and international environment played an important role in bringing about an upswing in Pakistan-China relations. China, which was under the strong pressure of the West led by the US in those days of the Cold War as shown by the establishment of SEATO and had fought a war with India because of their territorial dispute, needed friends to end its international isolation and counter India in South Asia. Pakistan because of its strained relations with India was in search of friends in its neighbourhood to neutralise, to some extent, India’s power superiority. China met the demands of Pakistan’s strategic compulsions.Pakistan’s realisation of the strategic importance of its friendship with China increased as it became acutely aware of the unreliability of the Western support in any conflict with India. The 1965 Pakistan-India war confirmed these apprehensions. The global strategic environment underwent a dramatic change in the 1970s with t he rapprochement between the US and China, in which Pakistan had played an important role, to counter the perceived security threat posed by the Soviet Union to both Washington and Beijing. Thus, the Western impediment to the strengthening of Pakistan-China relations was removed.In fact, following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, both Pakistan and the US needed and secured China’s support to defeat the Soviet occupation through the Afghan jihad. The end of the Cold War in 1991 brought about another dramatic transformation of the global strategic scenario. For about a decade after the end of the Cold War, the US loomed large on the global scene like a colossus. No other country matched its enormous military power and economic strength. There were signs of concern in the 1990s on the part of China about the emergence of the US as the global hegemon and the unipolarity of the international political system.This period also witnessed the commencement of the process of the stre ngthening of US-India relations to contain China and the imposition of the US economic and military sanctions against Pakistan because of its nuclear programme. These developments brought Pakistan and China closer together. The result was increased Pakistan-China cooperation in various fields, including the field of nuclear technology. Pakistan’s need for China’s support and cooperation increased also because of the intensification of the freedom movement in the Indian Occupied Kashmir andthe resultant tensions in Pakistan-India relations. The US â€Å"unipolar moment† soon passed. The first decade of the 21st century witnessed the commencement of a radical reconfiguration of the global strategic scenario driven by China’s phenomenal economic progress and rise as a leading global power. The initiation of policies of economic reforms and opening to the outside world in 1979, under China’s paramount leader Deng Xiaoping, unleashed powerful forces tha t accelerated China’s economic growth to dizzying heights.Consequently, its GDP grew five times between 1979 and 1998 as against the target of fourfold increase. Since 1998, China has recorded growth rates averaging about nine percent per annum, propelling it to the position of the second biggest economy in the world. China’s GDP during the current year is expected to reach the figure of $9. 2 trillion as against the US gross domestic product of $16. 3 trillion. In purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, its GDP would reach the figure of $13. 9 trillion during the current year.According to latest projections, China will overtake the US economy in PPP terms within the next few years and in nominal terms some time in the next decade. In 2012, it overtook the US as the world’s biggest trading nation in goods with the combined total of its exports and imports reaching the amount of $3. 87 trillion as against the $3. 82 trillion for the US. The rapid growth of Chinaâ₠¬â„¢s economy has also enabled it to increase its military expenditure at a fast rate to safeguard its security interests. its annual military expenditure is currently about $106 billion as against $36 billion for India.However, its military expenditure is still a very small proportion of the US annual military expenditure. Such a massive shift in the global balance of power cannot but have far-reaching implications for international politics. The US ability to impose its will on the rest of the world in the economic field is fast eroding. Correspondingly, the effectiveness of its economic sanctions against foreign countries will also decline. It has forced the US to pivot its naval forces to the Asia-Pacific region where it will deploy 60 percent of its naval assets by 2020.It is strengthening its alliances in Asia with Australia, Japan and South Korea. It is trying to checkmate China’s territorial claims in South China Sea by extending political support particularly to Viet nam and the Philippines. Above all, from the point of view of both Pakistan and China, the US is engaged in close cooperation with India in economic, military and nuclear fields to help build it up as a major world power of the 21st century with a view to containing the expansion of China’s influence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region.The growing rivalry between the US and China, and the US efforts to build up India as a bulwark against China, have important strategic implications for Pakistan. The growth in the depth, and the extent of US-India cooperation, is likely to push Pakistan closer to China as a counterweight to India’s possible hegemony in South Asia. US threats of sanctions against Pakistan because of its decision to proceed with the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project will further hasten this process. On the other hand, these developments will deepen China’s inclination to develop closer relations with Pakistan.Thus, from purely a strategic po int of view, the future prospects of Pakistan-China relations are quite bright. It was against this background that during the fifth round of the Pakistan-China Strategic Dialogue held in Beijing in November 2012, Pakistan’s Foreign Secretary and the Chinese Vice Foreign Minister agreed that Pakistan and China needed to close ranks to face the extraordinary global and regional challenges. However, there is no room for complacency.Pakistan’s bilateral trade with China, which was estimated to be $10.6 billion in 2011, was far behind the Indo-China trade of $80 billion. We must, therefore, pay special attention to the building up of Pakistan-China relations in economic, commercial and cultural fields, while maintaining close cooperation in political and military fields. Future possibilities of economic and commercial cooperation include a rail link between Pakistan and China, oil and gas pipelines through Pakistan to connect Xinjiang and the rest of China with the Strait of Hormuz and West Asia via the land route, and a rapid increase in bilateral trade.However, Pakistan would have to put its own house in order, reorder its domestic priorities, energise its private sector, and streamline its procedures to take full advantage of the opportunities that beckon us. On the political side, we should be sensitive to China’s concerns about the activities of the Taliban and other religious extremists in so far as the situation in Xinjiang province of China is concerned. Religious moderation is good not only for our internal political health, but also for our relations with China.